Vol  11 - No 1 (2026)  

THEORY, HISTORY AND PRACTICE OF LEGAL REGULATION OF SOCIAL RELATIONS   

Svetlana M. Mironova

CONTROL MONITORING IN THE SYSTEM OF STATE FINANCIAL CONTROL METHODS

Abstract. Federal Law No. 432-FZ of November 28, 2025, amended the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, supplementing the methods of implementing state financial control stipulated by Article 267.1 with a method known as control monitoring, carried out by the Federal Treasury of the Russian Federation. Other types of monitoring can also be found within the framework of financial control: tax monitoring and treasury monitoring. The purpose of this article is to define the place of control monitoring within the system of state financial control methods and the relationship between the concepts of "monitoring" and "control." Of particular interest is the relationship between control monitoring and tax and treasury monitoring, highlighting their common and distinctive features. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are addressed: analysis of the evolution of state financial control methods in Russian legislation; identification of the essential characteristics of control monitoring; comparative legal analysis of control monitoring, treasury monitoring, and tax monitoring; comparative analysis of the institution of reasoned opinion in tax and control monitoring. The methodological basis is based on general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, systems approach) and specific scientific methods (formal-legal and comparative-legal). The study's results suggest that control monitoring is a new method of preliminary financial control based on the principles of voluntariness, continuity, and digital interaction. These findings substantiate the need to differentiate types of monitoring by industry and functional purpose. Three interconnected, but legally distinct, types of monitoring have emerged within the Russian public financial control system: tax monitoring (monitoring of budget revenues), control monitoring (monitoring of expenditures for large recipients), and treasury monitoring (end-to-end audit of all participants in the budget process).

Keywords: Control monitoring; Federal Treasury; state financial control; internal financial control; financial control method; tax monitoring; treasury monitoring; motivated opinions. 

Evgeniy M.Terekhov

THE PHENOMENON OF INTERPRETATIONAL LAW-MAKING

Abstract. The article addresses the problem of interpretative lawmaking - a situation when, in the course of legal interpretative activity, its subjects create legal norms instead of interpretative norms. This circumstance leads to the loss of mutual connections between normative, law enforcement, and interpretative acts, including a decrease in the effectiveness of the mechanism for legal regulation of social relations. The necessary prerequisites associated with this fact are examined. The current state of affairs is analyzed. A comparative analysis of the category of «interpretative lawmaking» with the category of «judicial lawmaking» is carried out, and their relationship is determined. All this indicates that the issue of studying the phenomenon of interpretative lawmaking is relevant both in theoretical terms and in practical activities. The main objective of the study is to attempt to find the truth in the question of what interpretative lawmaking is and what its danger is for the functioning of the legal system of society. The key problem identified in the presented work is the possibility of replacing interpretative norms with legal norms in the implementation of legal interpretative activities. The author not only outlines his vision of the problem, but also puts forward his own proposals that contribute to the development of measures to combat the analyzed negative phenomenon. The study concludes that the current Russian legal system is an interdependent tandem of legal norms and interpretative norms, which, interacting with each other, allow for the most optimal achievement of the goals of legal regulation. The removal of interpretative norms from this system, as well as the granting of legal entities the right to ignore interpretative acts, will immediately lead to failures in the operation of its mechanism. In order to combat the emergence of interpretative law-making in legal activity, it is advisable to develop and subsequently be guided by criteria that indicate the presence of legal norms in the text of an interpretative act.

Keywords: legal activities, law-interpret activities, interpretation of law, clarification, explanation, interpretative act, interpretive practice. 

Polina N. Makovskaya

LEGAL ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE. PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS AND SPECIAL PRINCIPLES OF USE

Abstract. The article is devoted to the consideration of problematic issues related to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) systems that are intended for use in the field of law, and in this regard, they are referred to as legal artificial intelligence (LAI).

The purpose of the article is to justify the specific, special principles of using LAI, which should be followed along with the general principles of using any AI systems.
The relevance of the topic is explained by the intensification of the processes of developing AI systems for all areas of public life, as well as the ongoing development of a national law on artificial intelligence, which requires the regulatory consolidation of the principles of using AI in a particularly important area of law.
The article examines new arguments from domestic and foreign researchers both in favor of and against the possibility of consciousness emerging in artificial intelligence. It is emphasized that when synthesizing special principles for using AI, it is appropriate to abstract from the question of whether AI has consciousness, focusing instead on the functional aspect of ensuring the efficiency and relevance of a specialized computer system in the field of law.
Several special principles of using legal AI are considered and substantiated, including: The principle of exhaustive regulation; The principle of impossibilitas substitutionis; The principle of defining routine procedures; The principle of applicabilitas inversa; The principle of dividing legal AI into several functionally-oriented types.
As a result of the study, it is concluded that the developed special principles of using legal AI, applied as a mandatory addition to the known general principles of using any AI, will allow for the most complete use of the computational power of modern computer systems while simultaneously ensuring the interests of the state and the individual.
The theoretical significance of the article lies in the fact that, for the first time in the literature, it describes and substantiates the developed special principles for using legal AI, which are not mere slogans or declarations, but have a clear practical focus on improving the efficiency of legal heteronomous human-machine systems.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, legal artificial intelligence, general principle of use, special principle of use, law enforcement, routine procedure

Valeriia D. Savenkova

INVOLUNTARY HOSPITALIZATION IN FOREIGN LAW: THE CASE OF THE NETHERLANDS AND FRANCE — THE BALANCE BETWEEN COERCION AND THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Abstract. The relevance: Currently, there is a lack of up-to-date comparative legal studies in Russian academia on the topic of involuntary hospitalization and the provision of psychiatric care. At the same time, there is a need to bring Russian involuntary hospitalization procedures into line with modern international human rights standards.

The main goal: To conduct a comparison of different legal systems to identify institutions and mechanisms necessary for improving domestic legislation.
The problems under consideration: The effectiveness of procedural mechanisms in carrying out involuntary hospitalization, and the observance of human rights during involuntary medical interventions.
The methods used: General scientific (dialectical, systemic, functional) and specifically legal (comparative legal, formal dogmatic, and the method of legal modeling).
Conclusions: Different approaches to the division of competence between administrative and judicial bodies were identified. According to the author, some of the legal mechanisms applied in foreign law may make it possible to create a more flexible and adaptable system for hospitalization, one that can consider the characteristics and needs of many people in need of specialized care.

Keywords: involuntary hospitalization, judicial proceedings, administrative procedures, observance of human rights during medical interventions, procedural guarantees. 

PRIVATE LAW REGULATION OF SOCIAL RELATIONS

Galina V. Kostikova

LIABILITY OF CREDIT INSTITUTIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF BLOCKING SANCTIONS: LEGAL ASPECTS AND JUDICIAL PRACTICE

Abstract. The relevance of this study is due to the increased control by European and American correspondent banks over monetary transactions from the Russian Federation, which often leads to the blocking of funds coming from Russia by placing them in special accounts. In this regard, it is interesting to analyze the emerging case law in this area.

 The purpose of this article is to study financial blocking sanctions and their impact on the fulfillment of settlement obligations, in particular, the problem of determining the credit institution responsible for the non-receipt of funds in the creditor's account.

The problems under consideration: the article examines issues related to liability for improper execution of international banking transactions in business activities.

The choice of methodology was determined by the objectives of the work and included two complementary components. First, these are general scientific methods that ensure the reliability of the cognitive process at all its stages. Second, the study used special methodological tools—specific scientific methods that allowed for an in-depth study of specific aspects of the problem under investigation.

Conclusions: The issue of liability for blocking funds under sanctions is evolving from the identification of the responsible entity to a complex process of risk allocation based on an assessment of good faith, prudence, and prior interaction between the parties. In matters of holding banks liable under economic restrictions, it is reasonable to conclude that sanctions do not constitute grounds for exemption from liability for failure to fulfill a settlement obligation. A specific case of exemption from liability may be recognized as the established procedure for conducting foreign exchange transactions in accordance with international banking practice
Keywords: cross-border transactions, settlement obligations, international banking practice, credit organizations, routine, force majeure. 

Irina V. Shcherbinina

ON THE QUESTION OF DETERMINING THE MINIMUM TERM OF MARITAL RELATIONS AS A CONDITION FOR PROVIDING SOCIAL SUPPORT MEASURES TO THE SPOUSE OF A SERVICEMAN WHO DECIDED IN A SVO

Abstract. The relevance of the study is due to the need for legal protection of the families of military personnel who died during a special military operation (SVO). The unresolved issue of the minimum period of marital relations necessary to acquire the right to support measures leads to legal uncertainty, litigation and violation of social justice.

The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the legal institution of a minimum term of marital relations as a basis for providing social guarantees to the spouse of a deceased military serviceman participating in the SVO, identifying systemic gaps and conflicts in regulation and developing scientifically sound proposals for improving legislation.
The main problem lies in the absence of a legally fixed criterion for the minimum duration of marriage when providing social benefits to the wives of deceased participants in their marriage.
The article consists of several parts: the main problem is indicated, the scientific literature on the research topic is considered and analyzed, the methods used in the research are revealed; the main part indicates the results of the study, and the final part draws conclusions.
The methodological basis of the work consists of general scientific (analysis, synthesis, systematic approach) and private scientific methods of cognition: formal legal, comparative legal, legal modeling method, as well as the analysis of judicial practice.
The paper analyzes the most important problematic issues in the field under study, as well as provides solutions related to the legal regulation of the studied relations.
Keywords: special military operation, social guarantees, deceased serviceman, family members, term of marriage, legal gap, judicial practice, improvement of legislation.

Roman V. Smirnov

FEATURES OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CIRCULATION OF MEDICINES ON MARKETPLACES IN RUSSIA

Abstract. The relevance. Rapid digitalization of the economy and the growth of the E-pharma market require a revision of approaches to legal regulation. Marketplaces are becoming a key distribution channel, but the lack of their clear status creates risks for consumer health.

The main goal. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of the legal aspects of the circulation of medicines on marketplaces in Russia and to develop proposals for improving regulatory regulation.
The problems under consideration. Lack of liability of aggregators for the quality of medicines, licensing problems, confusion of the concepts of medicines and dietary supplements, risks of selling counterfeit products.
The methods used. The methodological basis consisted of general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis), as well as comparative legal and formal legal methods for analyzing normative acts.
Conclusions. It is necessary to legislatively consolidate the status of marketplaces in pharmaceuticals, introduce joint liability and oblige platforms to integrate with the MDLP system.

Keywords: marketplaces, medicines, distance selling, pharmaceutical market, legal regulation, information aggregators, liability.

Elizaveta S. Titova

THE PRINCIPLE OF GOOD FAITH AS A TRIUMPH OF THE POWER OF LAW IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS

Abstract. The article investigates the principle of good faith as a key factor of transition from «right to power» to «force of law» in civil proceedings. The question is: is it a legal instrument that promotes the realization of procedural rights in such a way that the letter of the law corresponds to its spirit?

The aim of the study is to define and comprehensively understand the role of the principle of good faith as a triumph of the idea of «force of law», to reveal the potential of this principle through the development and systematization of the enforcement mechanisms that support it.
Comparative legal, formal-legal and systemic methods were applied, norms of civil procedure law and judicial practice were analyzed.
It has been proven that the principle of good faith performs multifaceted functions: educational (or preventive) and corrective (or protective), actively empowering the court to assess not only the actions but also the intentions of the parties. The unity and contrast of good faith and bad faith behavior were analyzed, as well as the key criteria of qualification of behavior as good faith - honesty and economy.
It was concluded that, despite its importance, the effectiveness of the principle is limited by the unsystematic and fragmentary nature of the legal measures designed to counteract the abusive exercise of procedural rights.
The area of application of the results includes improvement of civil procedure legislation, law enforcement practice and further theoretical understanding of mechanisms to counteract unfair use of procedural rights.
The aim of the study is achieved - hypothesis about the key role of the principle of good faith as a «force of law» has been confirmed, but the identified dysfunction of the sanction mechanism points to the need for further conceptualization of the principle of good faith in order to fully realize its potential.
Keywords: the force of law, the law of force, the principle of good faith, the unscrupulous behavior, the conscientious behavior, signs of unfair exercise of procedural rights, functions of the principle of good faith, measures of civil process coercion.

Maksim L. Zheleztsov

REGULATION OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE IN JOINT STOCK COMPANIES OF MIDDLE EASTERN BRICS MEMBER STATES

Abstract. The purpose of this study is to comprehensively analyze the sources of legal regulation of corporate relations and identify the features of the organization of corporate governance systems in the Middle Eastern BRICS member states (the Arab Republic of Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the United Arab Emirates). The relevance of this work is determined by the active expansion of trade and economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and these jurisdictions in the context of reorienting foreign trade towards friendly countries. The methodological foundation of the study is the comparative legal method, which made it possible to identify common patterns and national specificities of corporate legal regulation in the states under consideration. The study examined the constitutional foundations and hierarchy of sources regulating corporate governance relations, and investigated approaches to organizing management structures in each jurisdiction. As a result, it was established that the legal systems of all three states are characterized by the constitutional enshrinement of Sharia as the primary source of law, with varying degrees of its practical application in corporate relations. It was revealed that a classical one-tier corporate governance model is established for joint stock companies, where the board of directors combines both strategic and operational functions. For other organizational and legal forms, more flexible governance structures are established with different threshold values for forming collegial bodies. The findings of the study have practical significance for Russian business entities in structuring cross-border transactions and minimizing legal risks when cooperating with counterparties from the Middle Eastern BRICS member states.

Keywords: corporate law, corporate governance, Middle-East countries, Egypt, Islamic Republic of Iran, United Arab Emirates.

Danila S. Shashlov

THE COMPOSITION OF PARTIES IN CLAIMS FOR UNJUST ENRICHMENT: STRUCTURE OF PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURAL CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR SUBSTITUTION

Abstract. The article examines the composition of parties in claims for the recovery of unjust enrichment, identifies criteria for determining the proper defendant, and analyzes the procedural consequences of replacing an improper party during judicial proceedings. The relevance of the study stems from the need to clarify the limits of property liability in situations where an obligation arises independently of the parties’ will, which complicates the identification of the proper liable subject. The purpose of the research is to determine the subject composition of obligations arising from unjust enrichment, to reveal the relationship between the substantive and procedural characteristics of their participants, and to analyze the consequences of changes in the composition of parties in the course of litigation. The study considers the specific features of condictional (unjust enrichment) obligations, their distinction from contractual and tort relations, the structure of relations between participants, and the logic of the transfer of property benefits. Dialectical, formal-legal, comparative-legal and systemic methods were applied, allowing a comprehensive analysis of the interaction between the substantive and procedural levels of regulation. The article examines the legal nature of obligations arising from unjust enrichment, the characteristics of their participants, the material criteria used to identify the proper defendant, and the significance of procedural substitution of a party. It is concluded that the proper defendant should be determined not by the formal fact of possession, but by the fact of acquiring property and by the functional role of the resulting benefit in economic circulation. The procedural consequences of substituting a party reflect the interaction between substantive legal content and procedural form and contribute to the restoration of the actual property balance. The results clarify the criteria for determining the proper defendant in condictional obligations and may be used in resolving judicial disputes concerning the restitution of unjust enrichment.

Keywords: unjust enrichment; proper defendant; composition of parties; condictional obligation; procedural substitution of a party; civil liability.

Alyona A.Karpenko, Gleb T. Tesakov

PROBLEMS OF LEGAL PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OBJECTS CREATED BY ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Abstract. The relevance. The article analyzes issues related to the legal protection of intellectual property created using artificial intelligence technologies. The authors examine a key conflict related to the lack of creative input in results that are generated in whole or in part by a neural network, which complicates the application of traditional criteria of authorship, and also raise the issue of regulating the liability of developer companies that violate the intellectual property rights of the copyright holders of such content in the process of training generative artificial intelligence models.

The main goal. The aim of the study is to determine the optimal legal regulation for generated objects.
The problems under consideration. The article discusses various approaches to the legal personality of artificial intelligence, analyzes the legal regime of generated objects, and pays special attention to issues of liability in the event of violation of the rights of other persons when generating intellectual property objects, which constitutes the list of research tasks.
The methods used. These tasks are to be achieved through the use of the following methods: the formal legal method was used to study the provisions of legislation; the comparative method allowed for the generalization of legislative and judicial practice in various countries; analysis and generalization were used in the study of information from scientific literature, and the hypothetical-deductive method was applied in the development of relevant solutions to the identified problems.
Conclusions. The authors justifies the need to develop a special legal regime that provides for the obligation to indicate the use of AI in the creation of works, the possibility for authors to prohibit the use of their works in model training, the recognition of user rights in the presence of creative contribution, and the placement of generation results in free use mode in the absence of such contribution.

Keywords: artificial intelligence, neural networks, generated objects, intellectual property, legal protection.

Anna A. Osina

DEVELOPMENT OF VIEWS ON THE POWERS OF ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL AS A BASIS FOR SEPARATING INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION FROM JUDICIAL AND EXTRAJUDICIAL METHODS OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION

Abstract. This article examines the views on the powers of arbitral tribunal in the course of one or another historical period, the development of which contributed to the separation of international commercial arbitration from judicial and extrajudicial methods of dispute resolution. The purpose of this article is a justification of approach on the compatibility of a dispute settlement facilitation with the powers of arbitral tribunal. Long-term confusion of the arbitration with the mediation or conciliation has led to the formation of opposite positions on this issue. The existence of various approaches is due, among other things, to the separation of international commercial arbitration from the public justice system by recognizing it as a jurisdictional body based on the parties’ will. However, the empowering of arbitral tribunal to reconcile the parties depends not only on the legal culture peculiarities as to, for example, the countries of the Asian continent, but on the granting of this power to state judges by civil procedure legislation in a number of legal orders of the continental and common law. The concern is that an arbitrator can sit both in a neutral and an active position in dispute settlement facilitation between the parties. The second situation entails a high risk of gaining access to information that the parties would not have provided during the arbitration procedure. It is recommended both to obtain consent and discuss conciliation options in the presence of the parties, and not to take into account or disclose potentially confidential information to the other party during the process. General and private methods of scientific cognition are used in the course of research. The results of this article lead to the conclusion that subject to the principles of impartiality, equal treatment and fair trial the arbitral tribunal, like no other, can choose the due time to propose to the parties before the oral hearing an amicable settlement of dispute.

Keywords: international commercial arbitration, quasi-judicial process, procedural regulation, dispute resolution, settlement facilitation of the parties.

Natalia N. Stanislavenko

THE CONCEPT OF JUDICIAL ERROR AND PROCEDURAL VIOLATION

Abstract. Against the backdrop of growing legal uncertainty and an increase in complaints about the incorrect application of legal norms, it is important to distinguish between the concepts of “judicial error” and “procedural violation.” The absence of uniform definitions and identification criteria complicates the practical application of the law and leads to divergent approaches to the review of judicial acts. The aim of the study is to identify and substantiate the differences between a judicial error and a procedural violation. The study employs a comprehensive methodological toolkit: formal–legal and system–structural analysis, a comparative–legal approach, and an examination of doctrinal literature and case law. The findings show that judicial error and procedural violation are related yet distinct categories: a procedural violation is a specific type of judicial error. The key criterion for differentiation is the existence of a causal link between the violation and the rendered decision: only a substantial procedural violation that affected the outcome of the case can be regarded as grounds for recognizing a judicial error and for reviewing the act.

Keywords: judicial act; judicial error; civil procedure; procedural violation; characteristics of a judicial error.

RUSSIAN AND WORLD PROBLEMS OF CRIMINAL SCIENCE

Leonid A. Zashlyapin

THE PROCEDURAL POSITION OF A DOCTOR IN THE EXAMINATION ACCORDING TO THE 1960 RSFSR CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Abstract. The relevance of the article is determined by two aspects. Firstly, the problem of current criminal procedural legislation that requires a solution is the presence of participants with an undefined procedural status, which includes the doctor as a participant in medical examinations. Secondly, at the same time, domestic jurisprudence records an increase in research on Soviet law, which predetermined the legal constructs of current law. Accordingly, identifying the problems of the legal status of doctors in Soviet criminal procedural law allows for the search for ways to improve their status in modern criminal procedural law.

The scientific task was to identify features in the Soviet legal system and its doctrine indicating the procedural position (status) of a doctor in criminal proceedings and in the procedure of medical examination involving a doctor. The object area of the study was limited to the norms of Soviet criminal procedural law, sectoral healthcare legislation, and the doctrinal positions of Soviet scholars concurrent with them. The main method implemented in this work was the formal-legal approach and analysis. Additionally, the work on the article was fragmented into stages of studying the normative and theoretical base, followed by a synthesising conclusion. The article implements the concept and chronodiscrete method of the author's previous works on this topic.
The conclusions formulated in the article can be summarised as follows. The provisions of the 1960 Code of Criminal Procedure and the corresponding doctrine do not allow the identification of any signs of a criminal procedural status for the doctor participating in an examination. The procedural position of the doctor was characterised by the absence of any mention of his rights, duties, and responsibilities. He was involved in examinations at the investigator's discretion 'when necessary', without independent procedural rights, duties, or responsibilities. The doctor's position was dependent, subordinate to the investigator as the main subject of the investigative action, and in practice was reduced to the role of an auxiliary person, carrying out the procedural tasks (interests) of the investigator. Soviet doctrine also presented the procedural position of the doctor as a participant with an indefinite, non-independent status.
Keywords: criminal proceedings, participants, procedural position, procedural status, indefinite status, legal capacity, competence, doctor, examination. 

Elizaveta K. Kamelskaya, Elina Sh. Yarova

ON THE ISSUE OF THE SUBJECT OF CRIMINAL ACTS COMMITTED DURING THE OPERATION OF HIGHLY AUTOMATED VEHICLES

Abstract. Relevance: The widespread use of artificial intelligence systems and the introduction of automation systems in the field of vehicle operation necessitates the improvement of Russian legislation regarding the legal regulation of the operation of highly automated vehicles (hereinafter referred to as HAV).

The main goal is to formulate specific recommendations on the qualification of socially dangerous acts committed during the operation of the HAV within the framework of the current criminal legislation.
Issues under consideration: This article discusses the issues of criminal liability of entities operating the HAV.
Methods used: the methodological basis of the research is presented by both general and specific methods. Among the general methods, it is necessary to single out formal logical methods: analysis, synthesis, analogy, deduction, induction. The private methods used include formal legal, comparative legal, as well as the method of interpreting criminal law norms.
The results of the study: The authors state that at this stage the current legislation is sufficient to resolve the issue of criminal liability for violation of the rules of operation of the HAV and conclude that it is necessary to be guided by the level of vehicle automation and, accordingly, the limits of the functioning of the automated control system when determining the person to be held criminally responsible for the criminal act in question. The options for the qualification of criminal acts committed by subjects of the operation of a HAV are proposed and note the need for the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to provide further clarifications on the qualification of violations committed directly by the driver and criminal acts of other subjects of the operation of a HAV, resulting in technological failures in the normal functioning of the automated control system.
Keywords: highly automated vehicles, automated control system, road safety, vehicle operation, automation level.

Grigorij V. Faller

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF LEGALITY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTE OF INTER-SECTORAL CONFISCATION

Abstract. The genesis of the institution of confiscation has inevitably affected the fundamental principles of criminal law, particularly the principle of legality. This principle is becoming a stumbling block in further reforming law enforcement practices regarding the implementation of confiscation of property and establishing a unified approach to its application. Currently, law enforcement practice is fragmented. Some doctrinal approaches, as well as law enforcement approaches based on them, cannot guarantee the legality of the seizure of property for state benefit, and law enforcement refuses to accept the positions of the Constitutional and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation. This demonstrates that the Russian Federation is faced with the choice of the correct direction for the development and improvement of the institution of confiscation, which requires a doctrinal assessment of possible options for such development. Otherwise, the legal system will be unable to implement new confiscation regulations, leading to significant gaps in law enforcement.

The research methodology and techniques will comprise both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, and generalization) and specific scientific research methods.
Keywords: other criminal law measures, confiscation, punishment, criminal liability, legal responsibility.